Holocaust Essays - Nazi Germany, Human Rights Abuses, Free Essays

Holocaust Essays - Nazi Germany, Human Rights Abuses, Free Essays Holocaust What is the first thing that comes to mind when the phrase World War II is mentioned? The typical response to this question will almost always be Hitler and his cruelty toward Jews. What is strange about this answer, is the fact that the majority of people do not realize what actually occurred in Europe during this time. To most people, the Holocaust was an event where many Jews were killed by Nazis. In fact, the Holocaust was a tragic point in history which many believe never occurred, or do not realize the suffering behind the widespread destruction. The pain and conditions exper- ienced by the victims is unimaginable by any standards. In the early 1930s, the United States was reveling in turmoil. Eastern Europe was on the verge of power, and in a small western European country called Germany, trouble was brewing. In 1933, Europeans had no worries beyond their daily struggle to earn money, put food on their family's table, and clothes on their children's backs. This would all change in a matter of months. Whatever type of life a person had built or molded for themselves, it was all to come to a crashing halt if they did not conform to Hitlers specifications. On January 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. In March 1933, with the building of the Dachau concentration camp, Adolf Hitler's rising became one of the swiftest, most destructive leaderships in recorded human existence (Bauer 12). After his inception as ruler of Germany, Adolf Hitler had one thing on his mind, a pure Aryan race with complete world domination. Jews were subjected to humiliation through the Anti-Jewish Laws. The seven most established laws in Germany were: Jews were forced from jobs in civil service and history, Jews were barred from most other professions, Jews were excluded from schools and universities, Jews were forced to carry cards identifying themselves as Jews, Jews were forced to have a J stamped on their passports, Jews were excluded from dining and sleeping cars on German trains, and Jews were barred from public areas such as parks, sporting arenas, and baths. Hitlers goal was to eliminate all of the undesirables in Europe. This category included: Jews, mentally and physically ill, nonsupporters of Nazism, gypsies, homo-sexuals, and anyone else who did not fit the mandatory code. He wanted to create a superior race called the Aryan Nation. To accomplish his mission he had concentra-tion camps constructed. The most significant sign of the troubles looming ahead was the Kristallnacht-night of the broken glass. On November 9, 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish communities; looting, destroying, and burning over 1000 synagogues. Over 700 businesses were wrecked, as were hospitals, schools, cemeteries, and homes (Bauer 24). From Poland, Czechoslovakia, eastern European provinces, and of course Germany, a great migration was to begin. Nazis transported victims to concentration camps by means of railroad, which was the cheapest and easiest method. The trip was horrible. People were packed in as tightly as possible. In the summer, the cars became sweaty, putrid smelling, and unbear-ably hot. Many died of heat stroke. On the other hand, winter was even worse. When the temperatures plummeted, these cars were sent place to place without heat. Death from hypothermia and starvation was common. Camps were set up for various purposes. These included labor, medical experiments, and death. Transition camps were set up as holding places for death camps. At the beginning of camp, prisoners usually had marks on their clothes or numbers on their arms to identify them. Things such as: jewelry, clothes, shoes, gold fillings, eyeglasses, shawls, baby bottles, and anything with value was taken and sold. They were then put into the inhumane conditions of the camps. Many times families would be split up. Women and men were separated, and grouped according to age. There was only one bathroom for hundreds of people. At some camps these were long wooden boards with round holes and underneath them concrete troughs. While on the bathroom, they would be watched by the soldiers to make sure they would not stay on too long. There was no toilet paper, so the prisoners used the linings of jackets. If they did not have one they often stole

Free Essays on War Of 1812

Perhaps I’m being idealistic about the motivations of our early political leaders but I do think that the primary reason behind the war of 1812 were patriotism and honor. The way Madison justified the war, in his war message 1 June 1812, was by highlighting the British aggression on the seas; primarily impressments, British cruisers hovering near ports, blockades and the orders-in-council. The Americans also believed the Brits guilty of inciting Indian uprisings. The United States attempted to avoid engaging in this European conflict through peaceable negotiations and economic coercion. But they could not ignore obvious British disrespect for their sovereignty. The British impressed thousands of sailors from American ships and obviously did think American retaliation to be a real threat. â€Å"No nation mindful of its diplomatic fences would have kidnapped 3,800 neutral aliens of one nationality.†(Smelser 224). England forced the United States to choose between submission and war. They treated American grievances like internal problems, again not respecting the sovereignty they had fought to earn. The decision to declare war was not made lightly. Madison was not a war monger like Napoleon, but honor compelled him to act, as well as the desire to not see America reduced to a British protectorate. Madison believed he was protecting what he called, â€Å"the last and fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature.†, what we might call the American way of life. The American decision to go to war with England but not France is further evidence that honor and patriotism were the guiding reasons behind entering the war. It would have foolish to enter a war with the whole of Europe, which engaging both countries would surely do, but there were ample grievances against both (Coles). Henry Clay justified the decision to proceed with war against Britain but not France by saying, â€Å"As to France we have no complaint†¦ but of th... Free Essays on War Of 1812 Free Essays on War Of 1812 Perhaps I’m being idealistic about the motivations of our early political leaders but I do think that the primary reason behind the war of 1812 were patriotism and honor. The way Madison justified the war, in his war message 1 June 1812, was by highlighting the British aggression on the seas; primarily impressments, British cruisers hovering near ports, blockades and the orders-in-council. The Americans also believed the Brits guilty of inciting Indian uprisings. The United States attempted to avoid engaging in this European conflict through peaceable negotiations and economic coercion. But they could not ignore obvious British disrespect for their sovereignty. The British impressed thousands of sailors from American ships and obviously did think American retaliation to be a real threat. â€Å"No nation mindful of its diplomatic fences would have kidnapped 3,800 neutral aliens of one nationality.†(Smelser 224). England forced the United States to choose between submission and war. They treated American grievances like internal problems, again not respecting the sovereignty they had fought to earn. The decision to declare war was not made lightly. Madison was not a war monger like Napoleon, but honor compelled him to act, as well as the desire to not see America reduced to a British protectorate. Madison believed he was protecting what he called, â€Å"the last and fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature.†, what we might call the American way of life. The American decision to go to war with England but not France is further evidence that honor and patriotism were the guiding reasons behind entering the war. It would have foolish to enter a war with the whole of Europe, which engaging both countries would surely do, but there were ample grievances against both (Coles). Henry Clay justified the decision to proceed with war against Britain but not France by saying, â€Å"As to France we have no complaint†¦ but of th...

Fundamentals of Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fundamentals of Reporting - Essay Example Currently, Regent College teaches degree level courses on a variety of subjects. It has in its roll, a wide range of aspiring learners, many of whom represent the international student community, coming from diverse racial, ethnical and cultural backgrounds. However, their current enrolment falls short of 70 for each course. Clarifying the issue, the source further adds that once this enrolment level crosses the benchmark of 70, the college will be designated as a university. Ms Judith also boasts of specific plans of Regent College to further expand their academic focus on areas such as fashion design and law. The college authorities believe that these are core areas where a dearth is currently being felt for institutions offering quality higher education. This contention appears valid in terms of the recent surge in the demand of seats for these courses, as latest media reports indicate. The leading institutions in the locality, affiliated to Regent College, include European Busine ss School and Regent Business School, London, which core focus is on the area of business studies. Regent American College, London, Webster Graduate School London, School of Psychotherapy & Counseling Psychology, London School of Film, Media and Performance and the Inter-Nexus Language School are the other prestigious colleges in this area, being run under the Regent management. However, the community sustains a setback as there are no major colleges that offer any significant education in the fields of fashion designing and law. Recent trends identify these two branches of academics as potential areas for securing employment opportunities, both in England as well as in the other parts of the world. Besides, it also enhances the potential of attracting overseas students to this institution due to its popularity as a prestigious college with a renowned faculty. Ms Judith further mentions that the college envisages more developmental schemes in the near future. One of the priority ite ms in their agenda relates to the expansion of building and other infrastructure including high end technology, vast library facilities and provisions for better playgrounds, stadiums etc. Though this college is now one of the most respected private colleges in the UK, the management believes that they need to upgrade their facilities so as to provide their students with a state of the art learning environment. Regent currently comprises seven top notch schools plus a world class conference centre within their London campus, which offer their students the best avenues for potentials for personal and professional development. Therefore, the management’s aspiration for further improvement in these facilities is laudable. There is no doubt that elevating this group of institutions to the higher status of a university will go a long way in benefiting the students as well as the community in general. In this modern era, London needs more dignified institutions within its precincts to promote world class educational environment in this area. Besides, the quality education that Regent’s is capable of providing will attract not only students from overseas countries but also eminent academicians from all over the globe. Thus, when Regent becomes a university, it will comprise a diverse group of students as well

Law of Evidence. write of silence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Evidence. write of silence - Essay Example However, as observed in R v Beckles, such inferences cannot be used to establish guilt. The House of Lords in R v Webber of 2004 that pursuant to Section 34 facts may include any fact that is an issue at the trial and tendered by the defendant in his or her defence. Moreover, facts will include any explanation or fact that the defendant would have logically raised at an earlier stage of the criminal proceedings. According to the ruling in R v Ali, the only recourse a defendant may have is to either deny culpability at the police station or to prepare a statement setting out his or her defence so as to preserve the right to raise the defence at trial. The right to a fair trial guaranteed by Article 6 of the ECHR demands however, that prosecutors bear the burden of proof. It was ruled in R v Condron that directions to the jury must be given with caution emphasizing the right to silence. The Judicial Studies Board established 6 points intended to ensure that adverse inferences contained in section 34 do not contradict Article 6. The 6 points correspond with the 6 requirements for adverse inferences as laid doing in R v Argent and are: There must be proceedings. Failure to mention a fact must predate the charge or when being charged. The omission must have occurred while being questioned under caution. The questions must have related to determining who committed the offence. The omitted fact must be one subsequently used in defence at the trial. The omitted fact must be one that accused was logically expected to mention. The courts have tried to set limits to what amounts as a new fact and to preserve the defendant’s right to remain silent. For example in R v McGarry, the defendant was charged with causing grievous bodily harm. In a written statement taken by the police, the defendant claimed that he acted in self-defence and did not answer police questions. At his trial, the defendant testified to facts substantiating and building on his claim of self-defen ce. The trial judge said that he was not inviting the jury to draw an adverse inference since D had not raised a new fact but did state that it was up to the jury to determine whether or not they wished to draw an adverse inference. The defendant was convicted and appealed. The appeal was allowed because the trial judge had a duty to direct the jury that they were not at liberty to hold the defendant’s failure to answer police questions since he did not rely on a new fact. R v B (MT) partially deals with circumstances in which a defendant may not be aware that a new fact may provide him or her with a defence. In this case the defendant was accused of sexual raping his stepdaughter, a minor and another girl under the age of 16. When questioned by the police, the defendant could not identify a motive for the girls to lie. However, at trial, his stepdaughter testified that she resented the defendant and did not want him to live with her mother. The defendant used this informatio n in his defence. The trial judge directed the jury that they could draw an adverse inference from this if they felt that it was reasonable for the defendant to raise the issue of motive while being questioned by police. The defendant was convicted and upon appeal, the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal on the grounds that the fact relied on was not a fact that the defendant could have known when questioned by the police. Likewise in Murray v UK before the European Court of Human Rights it was held

It is in description Essay Example for Free

It is in description Essay 1.The Salon was extremely important for artists wanting to establish their reputations. How do artists address that same challenge today? For all its pomp and popularity, the manner in which The Salon aids in establishing artists mainly through the same way that people seek to establish themselves in today’s modern times; finding a means to showcase one’s works to as many people as possible. This was answered by The Salon by providing a grounds that had no parallel in popularity, hence reaching multitudes of audiences at any given year. Nowadays, with the absence of such tightly-knit cultural circles such as those in the visual art field, modern technology allows for artists to reach out and display their works for al to see, in an even more convenient way – through the internet. There are websites that host image displays, allowing artists to create a portfolio that is easily accessible and available at any time at their whims. Given time and popularity, one may even venture out into creating one’s own website for the purpose of galleries and whatnot. 2. How did art reflect the periods preoccupation with science? At the time, architecture was already undergoing a transformation due to the influence of neoclassicism. However the biggest reflection of science in art during this period was the introduction of the Industrial Revolution which took place from the 18th century to the 19th century. This reflected in art pieces and such, showing the change taking place not only in art but in the development of mankind in a way where artists are somehow likened to historians, keeping tabs on the development of man 3. How did revolution influence art in the eighteenth century? What revolutions are influencing art today? Art in the 18th century were influenced deeply by the French Revolution as political and structural change we being implemented left and right. These changes found their way into art as well, for the change in society is often reflected in art through means descriptive of change as well. Not only was it the French Revolution that affected art in this way, but the Industrial Revolution as well. Nowadays, art is being greatly influenced by the digital revolution, wherein visual art is created through computers. 4. Neoclassicism was popular in Europe and the United States. (Just take a look at the government buildings in Washington, D. C.) Why was the style so appealing? What did the builders expect the style to express? Why do we think it represents us? Neoclassicism became very popular in the United States as well as in Europe for the fact that it allows one culture to honor their traditions in architecture, paying proper homage to that which had been developed by their forefathers, meanwhile allowing a bit of leeway enough to alter these traditions in manners unoffensive to the past. May of those who sought to incorporate this style in building were able to do so, honoring traditional values and developing current ones. It is deemed to represent us so aptly as it is important for one people to respect and honor and especially remember their heritage. 1. Technology radically changed 19th century architecture. What are some of the changes that modern technology has brought to architecture? How do those changes make our lives easier? How do those changes make our lives easier? How do they sometimes complicate our lives? With the introduction of innovation, most often the perception of man that has endured for so long – often as long as it took since the last revolutionary technology – takes a drastic overhaul; a major if not total restructuring or reinventing of tried and tested theories as well as practices. The art field is no different. With the introduction of modern techniques, from brushes to pens to digital media, art has undergone many transitions from one media to another, and from one technology to the next. Architecture, for example, has made developmental leaps and bounds through time as proved by the wildly varied architectural styles from different periods. Even as we enter the modern age, architecture continually develops to suit the needs of the current societal trends as well as tastes. Modern technology made it possible for new concepts in architecture to arise such as use of materials that treat the air around it, and conveniences such as with durable materials that remain lightweight yet sturdy. Advancements in modern technology have made it convenient to set into stone concepts that would not have been possible before. However, some of these concepts that up until recently had not been possible also allowed the creation of other architectural experiments that serve no true purpose than to prove its possibility, at the cost of practicality. 2. Why were historical styles popular in the 19th century? What did artists and architects hope to achieve by executing those styles in new materials? From the year 1800 until the end of the century in the coming of the year 1900, many architectural styles had grown in fame as well as practitioners, 19th century Victorian architecture in the land of Glasgow, Scotland, for example, is one of the more popular historical architectural styles of the century. It had reached its climax in popularity during 1817 – 1875 and was used to denote a grand sophistication about the structures at the time. It symbolized the boldness as well as the audacity and wealthiness of the people of Glasgow and even now, with the incorporation of the styles, it showcases the grandeur and bravura and pride within one’s self. 3. Baudelaire urged artists to paint the heroism of modern life. How do painters and sculptors address that challenge today? Why do artists still think its important to do? Charles Baudelaire’s concept of â€Å"The Heroism of Modern Life† was one he so boldly ventured forth in doing as presented in Salon of 1846. Nevertheless, there are still quite many artists who see it fit to tackle such sensitive matters in the way Charles Baudelaire did: blatantly painting a picture of despair and misery, all the time extending the factors of hope and mystery. This is deemed important by many artists of today especially in the trying, troubling times that beplague humanity today to show that no matter what adversity we may face, there will always be hope. 4. When photography was first invented, artists claimed it wasnt art because it was a mechanical process. What inventions are available to create visual images that people do not consider to be art? Why do artists still use them? The classification of photography by most visual art purists as a field unfitting of the term art stem from their perception of visual art as something that has to be rendered solely by the hands of the artist. As such they tend to discriminate against photography, wherein the images captured themselves may have long been around to have not been rendered or created by the photographer. However, the fact that photographers are   able to create visually appealing photographs are often the results of their development of various artistic talents; mastery of composition, knowledge of depths, and a keen eye for that which although seemingly mundane may be captured on film in such a way that exudes aesthetically pleasing qualities, hence should be considered art. In the same sense, these artistic purists also look down upon those who are able to create art through means that may be easily reproduced. Art trades such as the use of typography, mosaics, stencils, and the like are easily dismissed as not art or at least a lower form of it. What is often overlooked with these said fields – including photography – is that the conceptualization alone of these images is already an art in itself, let alone the execution and process of putting these said ideas into visual imagery. Thus artists continue to use these as they do not necessarily hamper ones artistry, but rather opens new opportunities to expand the possibilities of visual creation.

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poem 670 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 670 Essays

An Analysis of Emily Dickinson's Poem 670 Have you ever been scared by your own shadow? Or have you ever been walking home at night, and nothing unusual is happening, but you can't shake this feeling that some mass murderer is following close behind, waiting to strike? Maybe you are crazy. More likely, though, you become scared by thinking of old tales or stories, like all the people who have gone into the woods and mysteriously vanished without a trace. I knew one girl who saw The Blair Witch Project and had to sleep with all the lights and the TV on that night, and still to this day won't go traipsing into the woods. Emily Dickinson dealt a lot with the notion of us being more scared of ourselves than of our surroundings. This was from one of her more serious stages, unlike "Do" and "Autumn Rhapsody" (see the parodies here). "The Brain has Corridors-surpassing / Material Place-" Not too many people would rather meet a ghost than be within their own minds, but Dickinson challenges that notion, throwing out the idea that the thought or anticipation of a terrible event is much worse than the actual thing, like people who are afraid of needles. Most people, if you talk to them, will say they dread going to get a shot. Of course, if you approach them right as they come out of the doctor's office, they'll say it wasn't bad at all. Of course, they may be lying to save face. (A good way to tell is to look at their arm: if it looks okay, then they're telling the truth; if it has turned seven shades of blue and has swollen to the size of their neck, then they just got a tetanus shot and are bluffin g about it not hurting.) But who is "I"? Who is "ourself"? The question in itself seems quite simple, but is it? It's an interesting point that she raises, specifically within the phrase, "Ourself behind ourself, concealed-" Do we really know ourselves? How can we be behind ourselves? How many vague, rhetorical questions can I ask? Too many, obviously. Anyway, after some thought, I decided that Dickinson here is probably referring to the part of ourselves that we'd rather not know, or maybe a part of ourselves that we don't know just because we can't see it.

Big vs Small Colleges

Big vs. Small colleges For the prospective student, size can be a major factor in choosing the precise college. The size of a college not only suggests a greater student population, it can also affect the learning style and environment of the college. In picking a college, one must consider the kind of environment each college size offers, and if that type of setting is right for him or her. Your own personality and academic goals play a crucial role in choosing a college.Small and big colleges are diverse in that each has its own benefits and drawbacks with their expenses, facilities, and campus life. Smaller universities, such as community colleges for the most part are cost effective for the financially struggling college students; on the other hand, small private universities are much more expensive. Financial aid usually covers the majority of expenses at the community college level, leaving the student more time to focus on their studies and less time worrying about tuition.How ever in most cases these campuses may not offer on-campus housing. Paying rent, food and car expenses may be more costly than paying for room and board at a large college level, leaving the student to fend for themselves or forcing them to choose a college close to home. Smaller colleges offer fewer courses and academic programs, whereas large universities have multiple degree programs. Community colleges offer two-year associates degree programs, but not much beyond that. Smaller colleges have fewer and smaller libraries, professors, school staff, and class sizes.Bigger college campuses have larger classes, which many times employ famous professors who have written books, or become celebrated in academic circles, unfortunately they lecture to hundreds of students at a time, so the one-on-one relationship with the student and professor does not develop like they do at smaller campuses. Smaller classes are designed for more student- teacher interaction, which benefits the student, th us creating more opportunity for the student to expand their knowledge.Another plus for attending a small college is the advisors know the students very well. It is almost impossible to make an appointment for your advisor at a major university. They see a hundreds of students a day and it would be impossible to remember all of their students, much less who may be in one of their classes. Also, there is a greater sense of community at a smaller school. The student is not just a number on an ID card; here the student is a person with a face and a name. The larger the campus is, the more student culture there is.More parties, more university events, and more athletic choices are available. Small schools may not have the funding available for extracurricular activities for students, leaving a large part of the college experience missed for these students. One of the major advantages of going to a large university is their athletic programs. If you are a sports fan, or an athlete, then attending larger school might factor into your decision. Televised games, pep rallies, homecoming parades, and rivalries are all part of the student culture at large university.Both college programs have their own benefits and drawbacks, each ensuring a unique college experience to the student. The major factors the student must take into consideration are their expenses, the college facilities, and campus life when selecting a college. The student ultimately must weigh their goals while making this decision. In the end the student really cannot make an incorrect decision regardless of which college he or she chooses as long as they are choosing to further their education to further their life goals.

Primary education Essay

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism. [1] Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system. Schools systems were also based on people’s religion giving them different curricula. [edit] Curriculum Main articles: Curriculum, Curriculum theory, and List of academic disciplines School children in Durban, South Africa. In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard. An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university–or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences. [5] Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curriculums or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater. [6] [edit] Preschools Main article: Preschool education The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school. Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. [citation needed] While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is â€Å"to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the child’s physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them. †[7] [edit] Primary schools Main article: Primary education Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts of Bucharest, around 1842. Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. [8] Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training. Students working with a teacher at Albany Senior High School, New Zealand Students in a classroom at Samdach Euv High School, Cambodia In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, â€Å"post-secondary†, or â€Å"higher† education (e. g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession. The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better  prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment. In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history.

Public Scrutiny and Accountability An Ethical Dilemma

Public Scrutiny and Accountability An Ethical Dilemma Brief Overview of Facts and Issues Art Springer was the head of the Bureau of License Enforcement. Springer worked under Anne Trotter, the agency director of the firm. Trotter on the other hand worked directly under the office of the Governor. Springer was given a free reign in his office. In the process, he made a lot of decisions without consultation of his junior staff.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Public Scrutiny and Accountability: An Ethical Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, under certain circumstances, Trotter would intervene and give Springer some directives. These instances were considered as high profile situations (Miller, n.d.). However, even under these instances, the directives that Trotter gave were not different from what Springer would have done. In addition, Springer had no ethical issues that affected his work. William J. Smith held the office of the governor. Governor Willi am was used to getting his way. He also had a habit of getting even with anyone who did not stand on his lines. Smith ensured that all his employees were loyal to him. The idea of loyalty according to the governor meant that all the employees would have to portray his administration in the best light. Working for the Governor came with strings attached. In fact, to be part of the administration, one had to be willing to sacrifice his reputation for the governor’s sake (Miller, n.d.). Springer realized that to survive at the state administration, he had to show his support to the governor. Moreover, Springer realized that Trotter would go along with anything that she thought would be beneficial to the governor. Springer thus began working shortly after Governor Smith was elected. In fact, Trotter, who was head hunting for the best people in the market to head the departments, recruited Springer as the head of bureau of License. At the present moment, Governor Smith is facing a tough re-election campaign and the media is all over the place â€Å"digging for dirt†. Hence, the media presence around Springer’s office has increased by at least 20% (Miller, n.d.). In a meeting, the public information officer cautioned the Bureau Chiefs that they should not let anything to occur within the bureau that the media would deem as scandalous.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The governor liked to be surrounded by his supporters despite the fact that in public, he portrayed the picture of a non-partisan politician. Moreover, the governor liked knowing that his administration was behind him. Most of his administrators understood the importance of supporting the governor. It happened that the governor was hosting a gala fundraiser in the state capital. Most of the mid level administrators expressed their desire to attend this event (Miller, n.d.). To facilitate the idea of mid level administrators attending the event, three of the four chiefs decided to hold meetings at the state capital. This would ensure that the mid level administrators attended the event. Moreover, their expenses to and from the capital would be reimbursed. The law is very clear on using the states resources for personal gain. Springer is sure that the idea of the three chiefs is against the law. In fact, his certainty was compounded by the fact that the chiefs have confided in him that there no real reason behind the meetings. In fact, the meetings are just decoys so that the employees can go to the event organized by the governor and network with other state administrators (Miller, n.d.). Springer initially thought that the chief’s ideas were self-initiated. However after, Trotter, he realized that there was more to the case than he knew. From Trotter, Springer learned that he was supposed to go along with the idea. In other words , the director wanted Springer to call his own meeting and go to the state. Springer’s loyalty was put to test (Miller, n.d.). The same afternoon, one of the chiefs, Mike Daniels, asked Springer if he intended to go along with the plan but he dodged the question and tried to point out the dangers of getting involved with such an activity. However, Daniels dismissed his arguments and told him that the media had to be led to a problem before they could actually do anything. PA at Center of Force Field and the Mission of this PA This is a case of ethics and decision-making when an individual is faced with ethical problems. Therefore, to identify the public administrator who is at the center of the field, we have to identify the person who is facing issues regarding to ethics and decision-making. From the article, several administrators have violated several ethical rules and guidelines that are supposed to guide their conduct in office.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Public Scrutiny and Accountability: An Ethical Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, decision-making issues do not hold most of them captives. This is because they have already made their decisions. This therefore leaves Springer as the major candidate who is faced by ethical violations and a decision to make on these issues. Therefore, Springer becomes the best candidate to be placed at the center of a force field. Springer has a tough mission. He has to make decisions on whether to go along with the plan put forward by the director or to act within the law and do nothing. Both these decisions have consequences. If Springer decides to go along with the plan that the other chiefs have accepted, he risks breaking the law. Moreover, he risks being put on the spot light by the media that have intensified their activities around the Bureau of Licensing. On the other hand, if Springer decides to be ethical and act within the stipulations of the constitution, he risks losing his job. Moreover, in an industry where most of the employers do like whistle blowers, Springer risks his reputation among other potential employers. Therefore, Springer’s main mission is to find a solution that would satisfy both his employers and his personal needs. Insights from the Case Questions The case questions present a deep insight into the case under study. To begin with, the main questions with regards to this case requires one to identify the ethical challenges that Springer faces. In the first place, Springer has a choice between showing loyalty to his boss to maintain his reputation as well as his job or upholding the law and losing his job. The ethics demand that Springer should uphold the law. However, ethics is a question of morals and morals may be forced to change with circumstances. Springer is under a lot of pressure to make a decision that may leave him at a position where he is not compromis ed. There is always the tempting factor that since all the others members are involved it may be okay to do the same. Therefore, in order not to lose his job Springer may be tempted to go along with plan. However, if he goes along with the plan and they get caught in the fiasco, it is a known fact the governor would always look for a fall guy and defend himself. With this in mind, Springer is in a tight spot where he will require a lot soul searching to make his final decision.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second question demands a course of action that Springer can take. There are two courses of action that Springer could take. To begin with, Springer can collude with the chiefs and go along with the plan. This course would enable him to keep his job in the short run. However, in the event that they are exposed, he will eventually lose his job. On the other hand, Springer can take a different course of action. He may decide to expose the scandal altogether. This might probably make him lose the current position that he holds. However, from a legal and professional view, this is an ethical decision. This, may however lead to his dismissal from office. However, he may use all legal means, including requesting for a body of inquiry to investigate on the issue in order for him to be reinstated to the position that he held. This means that he can sue the governor. Therefore, the most probable and safest course of action would be to make a decision based on ethics. Another question tha t can be looked upon in this case is the demand to know whether the alternative course of action should be discussed with anyone else. Actually, discussing the problem with someone else would be the best decision. Therefore, if I were Springer then I would discuss the question with someone else. In such a situation, the best person to discuss with would be a lawyer. This is because a lawyer presents the best cover in case of job termination. Moreover, a lawyer will offer legal advice on the matters regarding to ethics. Furthermore, lawyers always provide alternative solutions to the problem and methods that one can use to ‘cover his back’. The considerations that will affect Springer’s decision-making include what Springer has to lose or gain (looking at the pros and cons of each decision). Each decision has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, choosing the right decision will depend on the consequences that the decision will yield. To begin with, if the decision is likely to lead to dire consequences, then it should be avoided. On the other hand, if the decision will lead to minor consequences then it represents the course of action. As discussed above, choosing to go along with the director’s plan may lead to only short-term benefits. If the plans go wrong, the resulting consequences may include removal from office, serving a jail sentence and loss of personal reputation. On the other hand, choosing to be ethical is likely to lead to loss of job and loss of reputation among the corrupt. Looking at these two options, the best option to take is being ethical. This is because the likelihood of losing the job will be high but due to the laws and legal restrictions, the probability of being directly fired will be reduced. Moreover, since Springer was ‘head hunted’ from the best the probability of finding another job will be high. If I was in the shoes of Springer and asked to schedule a formal meeting, I probably wo uld have taken the offer. The reason for this decision is that in the case of a formal request, I would have a means of defending my actions. A formal request from my superiors means that they are actually admitting liability hence they will be liable for the consequences that may arise from the meeting. Therefore, despite the fact that I would have ignored ethics, I will have shown my loyalty and kept my job. Moreover, with this decision, I would manage to keep both my job and reputation intact. However, when the question comes down to morality, I will probably have the feeling of guilt. Nevertheless, law and morality are two different things. Since in this question I will not have broken the law, then it may live with the social guilt. After all, when the society is analyzed as a whole, almost no one upholds morality. In case, if the media calls to ask about the appropriateness of the meeting, I can clearly defend my actions by stating that I was requested to attend the meeting th erefore, I had no choice but to abide to the directions of my superiors. Therefore, all the answers can be obtained from the director. Identification of the Stakeholders The stakeholders, in this case, are the people who have an interest in the developing situation. From a plain analysis, there are several stakeholders on the case at hand. To begin with, the State can be considered as the major stakeholder. This is because the case involves ethical issues and the state has interest in matters that pertain to ethics. Therefore, the state has interest in his case since it involves a case where several individuals are willing to utilize resources under false pretence. Another interested party is the governor. The governor has an interest in the case since it may affect his image and public reputation. In addition to the governor, the director, Trotter, also has an interest in the case. This is because the case will affect her work directly or indirectly depending on the decision that S pringer will make. Furthermore, there are the chiefs in other departments. Springer’s decision will affect the chiefs in that they may lose their jobs if Springer makes an ethical decision. Lastly, at the core of the case is Springer. Springer is the man left with the decision making capability. All the outcomes of the case shall depend on how Springer makes his decision. The media remains a stakeholder in this case but only to a small extent. This is because the media is portrayed as the only source that may uncover the activities of the agency. Therefore, to a given extend they have some interest in the agency and this translates to interest in the case as well. Kurt Lewin came up with Force Field Analysis in 1951. This analysis is widely used by many people to make informed decision-making (Lewin, 1951). Moreover, managers and administrators use the force field to make plans and implement changes in the administrative programmes. Force Field Analysis is a powerful tool use d in gaining comprehensive point of view on different forces that act for and against a decision. Therefore, managers may use the Force Field Analysis to simplify the process of decision making in an organizational set up. Force Field Analysis may also be useful to individuals facing tough decisions. A simple form of a force field analysis is a pro-and-con list that most individuals use when making personal decisions. The formation of a force field analysis will depend on the merits and demerits of each decision. Each decision has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, choosing the right decision will depend on the consequences that the decision will yield. To begin with, if the decision is likely to lead to dire consequences, then Springer should avoid it. On the other hand, if the decision will lead to minor consequences then it represents the course of action. As discussed above, choosing to go along with the director’s plan may lead to only short-term benefits. If t he plans go wrong then, the consequences include loss of job, probability of going to jail, and loss of personal reputation. On the other hand, choosing to be ethical is likely to lead to loss of job and loss of reputation among the corrupt. Looking at these two options, the best option to take is being ethical. This is because the likelihood of losing the job will be high but due to the laws and legal restrictions. The probability of the governor firing him will reduce considerably. Moreover, since the director chose Springer from the best, he is likely to take a short time before he gets another job. Force field analysis works best when a small group is discussing the case, especially a group of about four to eight people. The first step in creating a force field analysis framework is to decide on the area that requires a decision to be made. This decision might be written as a suggestion or proposal. All the forces that support the proposed decision should be listed on the left c olumn. These forces drive change and encourage a person to make a certain decision. These forces are also known as the pros of making a certain decision. All the forces that are against the decision are listed on the right column. These forces restrain a person from making certain decisions. After doing this, all the two columns are compared to each other and the one with the most compelling arguments is chosen. Springer decision is highly dependent on ethics. Therefore, at the core of the force field we will have Springer’s ethical decision. On the left of the force field, we will have all the forces that support the idea of a decision based on ethics. On the left, we will have all the negative forces that may try to prevent Springer from making a rational ethical decision. Springer needs to consult a legal team that will assist him in formulating a comprehensive force field. A well-formulated force field will assist Springer in coming making a rational decision. Moreover, i t simplifies the problem by breaking it down to smaller units that can be solved individually. The figure below shows a sample force field that Springer may use to make a decision on the dilemma that he faces. Force Field Analysis Diagram The Problem According to the law, no one is allowed to use the taxpayer’s money for personal gains. Springer’s colleagues have no qualms about using the taxpayer’s resources to attend a gala event organized by the governor. On the other hand, Springer is an employee who has adhered to ethics all through his career. Therefore, he is faced with a dilemma, which requires him to choose between two the options. Therefore, in this article the question is should Springer uphold the law or should he show loyalty to his employer. The problem in this case is with the higher authority (Director and the governor). These two are ‘backing Springer into a corner’ due to matters that relate to ethics. Therefore, the problem in th is case is lack of adherence to ethics and the law. Most of the employees at the agency do not abide to the ethics and code of conduct that has been set by the law. Moreover, they are breaking the law and are demanding the same from Springer. Springer finds himself in situation where he has to choose between losing his job and breaking the law. Springer has to make a decision on whether he will adhere to the code of conduct in his profession or he will join the bandwagon and keep his job. Analysis of the problem Art Springer is in a dilemma because he is faced by a tough ethical decision. As head of the bureau of License, Springer has never been faced with ethical problems. Therefore, when the case of ethics arose, Springer found himself in a tough position. The dilemma arises because his superiors are willing to misinform the public and the state on matters of public finances. The chiefs are willing to call meetings for no good reason. The public will finance these meetings but thi s is unethical since the meetings will only benefit the governor. The problem in this case is arises due to difference in moral standards and interests of public administrators. To begin with, the Governor likes to be surrounded with his supporters. Therefore, he tends to consent to any ideas that would have him around his supporters. The fact that his employees are breaking the law to be around him does not raise much concern. In fact, Springer learned that the governor might be the one who sanctioned the meetings at the states capital. Under the governor is the director who is very loyal to him. Trotter always goes along with what the governor wants. Therefore, she wants Springer to do the same. Moreover, the chiefs of other departments are already going along with the plan. Therefore, this raises a lot of question on ethics of the staff in the agency. How ethical are the people who work for the governor? Most of them are unethical. These employees do not adhere to the code of con duct required in their profession. Therefore, when Springer shows that he is not willing to throw his morals out of the window, it raises a lot questions about his loyalty to the governor. However, Springer’s dilemma shows that, as a public administrator, he is doing the right thing to doubt his colleagues’ commitment to their public duty. Ethic derives its origin from the ancient Greek language, which expressed the idea of morality and conformity in behavior to a certain code. Ethics therefore defines a code of conduct that should be adopted and implemented by management to govern the behavior within a working environment. To evaluate ethics, we have to look at the personal values that a person portrays. This article is concerned with ethical issues that affect public administrators. Most of the countries and businesses in the world have incorporated ethics into their constitutions. Taking the example of Brazil, their federal constitution has incorporated the concept of morality, impersonality, publicity, efficiency, and legality in public administration. The concept of ethics is based on morality. Morality is a principle that leads to the understanding that the service to the people requires more than compliance to the law. Therefore, a public administrator needs to obey rules of the social morality, show good behavior, and have integrity by showing common sense of honesty (Figueiredo Marcos, 2002). Conduct among public administrators should conform to the public demands and social morality. Ethics is a vital element in most legislation. This is because it sets the principles for public administration will follow. Acts enacted in parliaments require that all public administrators should manage public financial resources efficiently, effectively and in an ethical manner. Public administration in most countries requires the highest possible standards of ethical behavior. Ethical management of any organization demands impartiality from the public servants. A public administrator must incorporate procedural fairness, and support equality in employment. Having high ethical standards entails having more than just compliance with the state law and administrative laws. In fact, it needs a culture of decision-makers who base their decisions on justice, transparency, accountability, fairness, and consideration of public interest. Moreover, the public administrator needs to be careful when exercising of the legal duties delegated to him or her by the public. Using these aforementioned concepts on ethics, we can identify who the culprits in this case are. For instance, Governor Smith has several ethical issues. To begin with, the governor is partial. He liked to be surrounded by his supporters despite the fact that, in public, he portrayed the picture of a non-partisan politician. Moreover, the governor liked knowing that his administration was behind him. Most of his administrators understood the importance of supporting the govern or. Moreover, the governor usually acted in his own interest. Springer realized that to survive at the state administration he had to show his support to the governor. Moreover, Springer realized that Trotter would go along with anything that she thought would be beneficial to the governor. Moreover, the governor had a habit of getting even with anyone who did not do his bidding or went against him. Smith made sure clear that all his employees were loyal to him. The idea of loyal, according to the governor, meant that all the employees would have to portray his administration in the best light. Working for the Governor came with strings attached. In fact, to be part of the administration one had to be willing to sacrifice his reputation for the governor’s sake. This character shows that he governor has ethical issues and he is not fit to hold the position. Another person with ethical issues is the director. She does what her boss tells her without questions. Moreover, she int imidates all the other employees who do not work as per her requirements. Both the governor and the director are willing to anything against common ethics. In fact, after Springer confronted the director on the case at hand he realized that there was more to the case than he knew. The director had collaborated with chiefs to ensure that the meetings took place in the capital. Moreover, she expected Springer to do the same as the other director. These factors show that there is an ethical problem in the agency. Most of the employees are affected because top management is affected. Other persons who are affected by the ethical problems are the chiefs of other departments and their junior administrators. These chiefs have no qualms when subscribing to the notion of breaking the law. They accept all the diabolical plans without considering the implications or consequences. Ethical issues are not sources of concern in the agency. This shows that, the agency as a whole is affected with th e issues on ethics except for Springer. Alternative Solutions to Ethical Problems in the Agency To begin with, Springer can decide to resign. If Springer resigns, he may be the only casualty in the whole scandal. This is because he will lose his job while the company will go ahead and carry out its plan. Moreover, Springer’s resignation will not be beneficial to the agency, which is affected by ethical issues. Therefore, Springer’s resignation from his position will only be an act of saving personal image while letting the society rot. In fact, it only solves his problems and not the problem of ethics that must be solved. Another way to solve this problem is for Springer to adhere to ethics and refuse to yield to the pressure from his superiors. However, in such a case the likelihood of losing his job is high. This is because he will have shown disloyalty to his boss who will not be pleased with the idea. It is well known that Governor Smith likes only the loyal follow ers. Therefore, a disloyal employee is likely to lose is position in the agency. Moreover, if Springer decides to maintain his decision based on a moral ground, he will lose the trust of his colleagues like Daniel. The reason being that he will be the black ‘sheep of the flock’. This means that his refusal to accept a plan that everyone else had accepted will be seen as betrayal thus loss of trust from his colleagues. However, by sticking to a moral decision, Springer will have given himself a fighting chance in case he loses his job. This is because if he is fired on the fact that he was nit loyal, he can expose the governor’s lack of adherence to the law and ethics. Moreover, being fired on such grounds can warrant a lawsuit against the agency. Springer can solve the problem facing him by provide an anonymous tip to the media. The media might then conduct their investigations, which might lead them to the core of the case and maybe uncover the truth. This way, the case will be uncovered without Springer losing his job. However, for every alternative there is a victim. In this alternative, the victim is likely to be the governor or the director. The chiefs of other departments may also be included in the list of victims. However, the likelihood of catching the governor as the main victim is low. This is because he has taken the caution to ensure that his employees can take the heat. Therefore, in case of intensive media investigations one of the employees will be taken as the fall guy. Alternatively, Springer can come out in the open report the occurrence to the authorities. By reporting this action, Springer will have acted on ethical grounds. Moreover, he will not compromise himself in the process. Therefore, he may avoid any criminal prosecution that the perpetrators of the fraudulent plot will face. In case where Springer decides to report the case, he must have sufficient evidence to support his claims. Otherwise, he may find himself as the only victim in the case. Cases concerning ethics are usually complicated and can easily be concealed if the whistle blower does not have sufficient evidence. However, if the whistle blower provides accurate information the law is bound to protect him. A good example of such a case was in the newspapers where an employee received benefits because he maintained ethics Public administrators face various ethical issues. Most of the issues faced by managers involve decision-making. Appropriate use of public finance and conflict of interest are the major issues that have been observed in the field of public administration. Usually managers decisions on public finances tend to serve personal interests rather than the interests of shareholders, owners, or the public (Schneider, 2004). The issue on appropriate use of public resources is usually associated with conflict of interest. Public administrators will prefer to serve self-interest rather than to serve the public’s intere st. For example, a manager whose performance is measured on return on investment will usually pick the investment option that serves his or her interests first. If the manager is faced with the option of an investment that benefits the company but reduces his personal return on investment he or she can reject the option. This is because the managers have the power to reject profitable investment options whose return on investment is below the average return on investment of his division. Acceptance of such an investment option may lower the overall return on investment of the division and not serve the manager’s interest. This example shows that accountability in the public sector has become outdated. Identification of a Solution The problem of ethics demands an amicable solution. One of the best possible solutions is implementing reforms. It is generally easier to implement reforms in public administration. However, the reforms present dilemmas to the policy makers. Therefor e, there is great danger that these policy makers may lose sight on what is important and what is required to bring balances in the institutional frameworks. In the case presented above, various alternatives may be taken into account to arrive at a solution. However, each of the alternatives has its casualty. In our case study, reforms are not the only form of solution that are useful. The best solution in this case lies with the analysis of the force field and Springer’s moral. However, best solution in this case is to be whistle blower. Springer should come out in the open and report the case of ethics breach to the authorities. By reporting this action, Springer will have acted on ethical grounds. Moreover, he will not compromise himself in the process. Therefore, he will exclude his involvement in any criminal proceedings that the perpetrators of the fraudulent plot will face. This solution has several advantages and disadvantages. Some of the merits include maintain oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s integrity. All the future, potential employers of Springer will view him as honest, straightforward, and sincere in his approach to professional work. Public administrators must be aware of their role in the society. Therefore, they must maintain extremely high standards of professional conduct. Moreover, they should not tolerate any mode of conduct that may compromise their status. Therefore, being a whistle blower will increase the chances of Springer getting a job with employer who demand honesty. As a whistle blower, Springer will keep his conscience clear. The disadvantage of this solution is that, the political environment and the public sector demands loyalty. Therefore, a public administrator who is deemed as a whistle blower may find it difficult to find a job. If the truth is told, then the world today comprises of more evil than good. Most employers bend the rules to a given extend. With this in mind, employers might find it difficult to tolerate Springer since h e cannot â€Å"bend† the law. Therefore, the overall chances of Springer getting another job will be lower. Another disadvantage, though obvious, is that Springer will lose his job if he opts to use this solution. Losing a job may be disadvantageous to anyone. This is because one loses his source of income. To address this aforementioned disadvantage, Springer has to take legal counsel. The reason for legal counsel is to ensure that he keeps his job. In case he is fired, he has an option of suing his employer. Cases to do with ethics continue to increase in public administration. According to the New York Times, Morgensen (2011) reported a case of an employee who exposed the Bank of America. The court awarded this employee a total of 3.8 million dollars in damages. The employee, Mr. Winston exposed how Countrywide Company failed in observing professional ethics and the law while conducting its businesses. Countrywide wanted Mr. Winston, their former employee, to misrepresent the corporate governance practices in a report. In fact, the company’s president had asked Mr. Winston to write a report countering another report that had expressed concerns about executive pay and succession plan. The problem was that Winston had never come across an extensive succession plan and he refused to write the report. The president of countrywide wanted to terminate Winston’s employment but instead chose to reduce the number of employees working beneath him. When the bank of America took over Countrywide, they fired Winston on the account of being a whistle blower. This case shows the extent to which management accountants neglect ethics while performing professional duties. Wyatt (2011a) also presents an interesting article on how corporate whistle-blowers gains from reporting cases on unethical practices. The fact that the congress and financial market regulators offer rewards to whistle-blowers serves to show just how the management accounting field has abandoned ethics. The study of professional ethics has become increasingly important in the public sector, especially in public administration. Public administrators require ethics due to the nature of their work and the sensitivity of public (Svennson and Wood, 2003). Users of public information, businesses, investors, and the internal revenue department rely on the information provided by a public administrator to perform their duties effectively. Public administrators such as accountants prepared statements, which must be audited to show a true and fair view on the position of the company in the market. Therefore, to ensure that the information given does not mislead the public, managers and public administrators ought to provide information that is valid. Availability of ethics in the field of public administration will enhance the credibility of opinion provided by the accountants. Equally, Governor Smith must embrace ethics. Moreover, any breach in code of conduct must be puni shed severely. Recommendations To solve ethical problems that affect the public administration there is need for amendments in the prevailing ethical rules. Various reasons have been advanced as to why there is need for amending ethics in the public sector. Being a public administrator comes with great power and responsibility. Most public administrators have access to a lot of information and funds that may be lethal for one person to hold. Therefore, organizations have incorporated ethics to prevent misuse of information acquired during professional work. Ethics is a form of security to the public. For instance, the field of information technology requires ethics. This is because computers have led to a significant increase in the abuse of information and fraud. In the banking industry for example, with little information about an individual, the prospect to commit fraud by unethical employees increases. The enactment of professional ethics coupled with policies in public administ ration reduces the chances of fraud. However, the initiative of the public administrator is needed to enhance amendments in the code of conduct. In public administration, ethics is useful in molding behavior and to protect the public’s interests from being sabotaged. Adherence to strict code of contact should be mandatory in the public sector field to provide credibility to the industry. For example, development of ethics in the field of information technology has led to an increase in trading via the internet. Ethics is compulsory to ensure that the public feel safe about their personal information and resources. The most commonly accepted reason for ethics in public sector is to enhance professionalism. The idea of professionalism usually involves having knowledge of what is right to do and the right conduct of an individual. Public administrators with the knowledge of right and wrong will usually ensure that he or she maintains professionalism at all costs. Moreover, ethic s is useful in maintaining an administrator’s discipline (Brown, 2004). Discipline ensures that the public sector maintains a level of excellence that is required by the government and the public. Conclusion This is a case on rational decision-making when faced with ethical problems. The study of professional ethics has become increasingly important in the public sector, especially in public administration. Public administrators require ethics due to the nature of their work and the sensitivity of public. To solve ethical problems, one needs to identify the methods available. Managers use models to simplify the process of decision-making. Kurt Lewin introduced the force field model, which he used in simplifying the problem. However, using this model requires identification of the administrator at the core of the problem. To identify the public administrator who is at the center of the force field we have to identify the person who is facing issues regarding to ethics and deci sion-making. From the article, several administrators are facing ethical issues. However, decision-making issues do not hold most of them captives since they have already made their decisions. This therefore leaves Springer as the major candidate who is faced by ethical issues and a decision to make on these issues. Most of the countries and businesses in the world have incorporated ethics into their constitutions. Taking the example of Brazil, their federal constitution has incorporated the concept of morality, impersonality, publicity, efficiency, and legality in public administration. The concept of ethics is based on morality. Morality is a principle that leads to the understanding that the service to the people requires more than compliance to the law. Ethics is a system of moral principles that governs the accounting profession while conducting their daily activities. With the recent track record in accounting there is need to enhance the controls in the field. In the last dec ade alone, the cases pertaining to ethics have to light. To solve ethical problems that affect the public administration there is need for amendments in the prevailing ethical rules. Various reasons have been advanced as to why there is need for amending ethics in the public sector. Being a public administrator comes with great power and responsibility. For instance, the field of information technology requires ethics. This is because computers have led to a significant increase in the abuse of information and fraud. In the banking industry for example, with little information about an individual, the prospect to commit fraud by unethical employees increases. To solve ethical problems that affect the public administration there is need for amendments in the current ethical rules. Analysts in the field of ethics have given various reasons as to why there is need for amending ethics in the public sector. One of the reasons is that a public administrator has great power and responsibil ity. Moreover, public administrators have access to a lot of information and funds that may be lethal for one person to control. Therefore, organizations have incorporated ethics to prevent misuse of information acquired during professional work. Ethics is a form of security to the public. A moral stand is important to the public since it will increase their confidence in the administrators. References Brown, T. K. (2004). The costly myth of growth through acquisition. Bank Director, 1 (2), 14-19 Figueiredo, C. M. Marcos, N. (2002). Ethics in Public Administration and In The Exercise of Citzenship: The Role of The Brazilian Audit Courts As Accountability Agencies. The Pernambuco Audit Court Case, 1(4), 12-30 Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science. Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 9-15. Miller, M.G. (n.d). Public Scrutiny and Accountability: Dilemma in State Administration. The Messenger, 3 (2), 87-99 Morgensen, G. (2011). How The Whistle Blower Conquered Country Wide. B ank Director, 1 (2), 122-128 Schneider, A. (2004). Ethical Decision Making on Various Managerial Accounting Issues. JAMAR , (2) 2, 29-35 Wyatt, E. (2010). For Whistle Blowers, Expanded Incentives. Bank Director, 1 (2), 31-40

Free Essays on Birches Setting

In any life, one must endure hardship to enjoy the good times. According to Robert Frost, the author of â€Å"Birches†, enduring life’s hardships can be made easier by finding a sane balance between one’s imagination and reality. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, a scientific analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginatively false analysis of the phenomenon involving a New England farm boy, and a reflective wish Frost makes, wanting to return to his childhood. All of these sections have strong underlying philosophical meanings. Personification, alliteration, and other sound devices support these meanings and themes. Frost supports the theme by using language to seem literal, yet if one visualizes the setting and relates it to life, the literal and figurative viewpoints can be nearly identical. Take this example: â€Å"Life is too much like a pathless wood†. This simile describes how one can be brought down by the repetitive routine of day-to-day life, but only if one processes the barren, repetitive forest scene that Frost paints in that sentence. Sound devices also add to the effect of the poem. Frost gives the image of the morning after an ice storm, as the ice cracks on the birch trees: â€Å"They click upon themselves / As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored / As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel. / Soon the sun’s warmth makes them shed crystal shells / Scattering and avalanching on the snow crust† The repeating /s/, /z/, and /k/, sounds in this passage are strong examples of alliteration, and sound devices are crucial in the image presented; calm, reflecting, and romanticizing, like a quiet walk in the woods. The /k/ sound is the sound of the ice cracking off of the birches and â€Å"shattering† and crashing â€Å"on the snow crust.† The /s/ and /z/ sounds suggest the rising morning breeze, and they increase as the passage continues. Birch trees are naturally very flexible. Frost explains... Free Essays on Birches Setting Free Essays on Birches Setting In any life, one must endure hardship to enjoy the good times. According to Robert Frost, the author of â€Å"Birches†, enduring life’s hardships can be made easier by finding a sane balance between one’s imagination and reality. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, a scientific analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginatively false analysis of the phenomenon involving a New England farm boy, and a reflective wish Frost makes, wanting to return to his childhood. All of these sections have strong underlying philosophical meanings. Personification, alliteration, and other sound devices support these meanings and themes. Frost supports the theme by using language to seem literal, yet if one visualizes the setting and relates it to life, the literal and figurative viewpoints can be nearly identical. Take this example: â€Å"Life is too much like a pathless wood†. This simile describes how one can be brought down by the repetitive routine of day-to-day life, but only if one processes the barren, repetitive forest scene that Frost paints in that sentence. Sound devices also add to the effect of the poem. Frost gives the image of the morning after an ice storm, as the ice cracks on the birch trees: â€Å"They click upon themselves / As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored / As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel. / Soon the sun’s warmth makes them shed crystal shells / Scattering and avalanching on the snow crust† The repeating /s/, /z/, and /k/, sounds in this passage are strong examples of alliteration, and sound devices are crucial in the image presented; calm, reflecting, and romanticizing, like a quiet walk in the woods. The /k/ sound is the sound of the ice cracking off of the birches and â€Å"shattering† and crashing â€Å"on the snow crust.† The /s/ and /z/ sounds suggest the rising morning breeze, and they increase as the passage continues. Birch trees are naturally very flexible. Frost explains...

Special Education Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special Education Questions - Essay Example And so are the ones who have had a history of emotional or sexual abuse. They all tend to display inadequate social skills and hence put their acceptance in the mainstream school culture in jeopardy. The difficulties confronting children with special needs (be it physical one or psychological ones) are all the more daunting. IDEA is the country’s special education law that expands to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Though originally debated in the Congress in the 1970’s to ensure that children with special needs and disabilities have adequate opportunities to get appropriate public education, on par with children of normal ability. The recent amendments to the law were the most comprehensive, the final document of which was published last year. It sets out many key components of IDEA as well as guidelines for educational institutions in regard to providing â€Å"special education and related services to more than six million eligible children with disabilities†. The three important components of IDEA are: Discuss strategies that teachers can implement when working in general education classrooms with students with ADHD. Consider curriculum modifications, teacher behavior, organization and social skill development in your discussion. 1. Using active reading techniques- reading headings before reading chapter, skimming chapter to see what comes next, taking notes while reading, making up questions using chapter headings, practicing answering these questions while reading and reviewing major points. 4.Using the SQ4R method, Survey Question Read, Rite (write) Recite Review - surveying sections by looking over the main headings, making up questions, reading entire sections, writing answers to the questions, reciting the information out loud if possible, and finally reviewing their work. The increase in emotionally disturbed behavior among young children is both alarming in the present

The Mystery of Pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Mystery of Pain - Essay Example Rehabilitation trouble could be reduced if methods like virtual reality are adapted as in the case of "virtual reality for soldier's burn pain" where the patient's brain is diverted by means of cool virtual reality game, providing a sense of chill rather than heat of the pain. This alters the perception of sensory stimulation. In future the technique could gain advantage as it has potentials to calibrate neurons not to have sensation of pain. When human mind perceives the thought of suffering, pain is felt, eventually this very thought leads to enhanced discomfort and the individual recedes from cure because of distress. On the other hand animals do the reverse, they heal their injuries in a natural way. Thus, psychological focus plays an imperative role in sensing pain. It is established fact "little knowledge is dangerous". A person who himself is a physician knows the intensity of injury and is bound to feel more pain as compared to the individual who does not possess sound medica l knowledge, if both encounters the same degree of injury. Here again psychology plays the key role.